Purpose And Functions Of Accounting Accounting Essay

Accounting has been around since the beginning of civilisation. Accountancy participated in the development of metropoliss, trade, and the constructs of wealth and Numberss. The importance of accounting can non be overemphasized. Equally of import are the criterions used to guild the application of accounting pattern. Without rules and criterions, fiscal coverage would non reasonably present the fiscal place of a company. Accounting has changed and evolved immensely over clip and continues to alter. In this assignment, I will specify accounting and the different procedures of accounting records. I will besides Distinguish between Financial Accounting and Management Accounting and sketch the advantages and disadvantages, with illustrations. The beginning of civilisation occurred during the passage from hunter-gatherer to farmer. Farming led to harvest excess and hence the demand to merchandise and barter. A Jericho, the oldest metropolis known to historiographers was the first known trading centre for excess goods. Personal wealth created the demand to maintain path of stock lists. Ancient bookkeepers used little clay balls called items to number and maintain path of bing wealth. These items were used as grounds of minutess. Over clip, the items were used to do feelings in clay along with images which represented the first efforts at accounting. These events took topographic point around 5000 B.C. ( Giroux ) Evidence suggests that dual entry clerking developed in Italy around 1200 B.C. The first book written on dual entry clerking was written by Luca Pacioli in 1494. ( Smith ) Pacioli was referred to as the male parent of accounting, but he did non really contrive the system he described. He merely wrote about the concern patterns used by merchandisers in Venice at the clip. Many of his Hagiographas were used for several centuries. With the development of engineering, wealth, and trade came the demand to adequately account for the complexness involved.2.0 What is accounting?AAccounting a subdivision of Accountancy. It is a service activity. Its map is to supply information, A chiefly fiscal in nature, about economic entities that is expected to be utile in doing economic determinations, in doing sound picks among alternate classs of action.A Accounting, is frequently called â€Å" The linguistic communication of Business † A statement of basic accounting theory defines accounting as the procedure of identifying, mensurating and pass oning economic information to license informed judgement and determination by users of the information. ( Evanson, Illinois: American Accounting Association,1966 ) A Accounting is the art of recording, sum uping, describing and analysing fiscal minutess. That is the systematical record of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours events to cognize about net income, assets and liabilities. Accounting is about answerability. Most organisations are externally accountable In some manner for their actions and activities. They will bring forth studies on their activities that will reflect their aims and accomplishments to people to whom they are accountable.Purpose and Functions of Accounting.A To supply quantitative, fiscal information about economic entities to statement users so that they could do informed judgement and better decision.A2.1 UseRs of Accounting InformationAccounting is an information system that measures concern activities, processes information into studies and communicates the studies to determination shapers. A cardinal merchandise of this information system is a set of fiscal statements-the paperss that report fiscal information about agreeableness to determination shapers. These studies tell us how good an entity is executing in footings ofA net incomes and losingss and where it stands in fiscal footings. We have two types of users of accounting. That is internal users and external users. Some illustrations of users of accounting are as follows: – They use accounting figures to Suppliers – decide if they can give recognition installations to the house, when providing stuffs Creditors – -Short term ; find if the sum due by the house will be paid on clip and if more money can be given on recognition. -long term- determine if capital and involvement will be paid in due clip Bank and Financial Institutions will used accounting figures to make up one's mind on overdraft, loan or rental installations. Contractors-decide whether they will go on to work for the house and the possibility of more plants if the company is spread outing. Government – will make up one's mind on allotment of resources. If the activities have to be regulated and besides determine revenue enhancement policies. Customers – maintain themselves update about the company. That is if the house is traveling on good figures, they react to market demands. For case they might will develop new merchandises. Investors – to judge chances on their investing and make up one's mind what to make with their portions. That is selling them if he feels that the monetary value of his portion might fall due to hapless public presentation of the house, retain or purchase more if the stockholder feels that the company will go on to turn Potential investors – to make up one's mind if buying portions of that house will be fruitful or non Management reappraisal: – Short term solvency Long term solvency Activity ( effectual use ) Profitableness in relation to turnover Profitableness on investing Employees – to cognize the strength and prosperity of the company. To measure the capacity to pay wage, retirement benefits and employment chances. Tax Governments: measure the revenue enhancement liabilities of the endeavor Populace: find how the company will impact the vicinity, for case employment, local providers, tendencies or developments as per Corporate Social Responsibility.2.2 Branchs of AccountingGeneral Accounting or Financial AccountingA It is concerned with the entering ofA minutess for a concern or other economic unit and the periodic readying ofA statements from these records. AuditingA Is a service pattern who examines records, statements and show an sentiment sing their equity of histories. Cost AccountingA emphasizes the finding and the control of costs peculiarly the costs of fabrication procedures and of the manufactured merchandises. Management Accounting is concerned with the application of appropriate techniques and constructs in treating the historical and jutting economic information of an entity, to help direction in puting up sensible economic aims and in doing rational determinations towards the attainment of these aims. Tax Accounting includes the readying of revenue enhancement returns and the consideration of the revenue enhancement effects of proposed concern minutess. Accounting Systems is concerned with the creative activity of accounting and office processs for the accretion and the coverage of fiscal informations Budgetary Accounting represents the program of fiscal operations for a period and through histories and sum-ups, provides comparings of existent operations with the preset program Government AccountingA specializes in the minutess of political units with respects to the concern facet of public disposal. It chiefly focuses on the properA detention of authorities financess and their intents. Accounting Education is possibly the most obvious field of specialisation. In add-on to learning, many accounting professors engage in auditing, revenue enhancement accounting orA other countries of accounting. Internal AuditingA trades with finding the operational efficiency of the company sing protection of the company ‘s assets, truth and dependability of the accounting informations, and attachment to order managerial policies. International AccountingA include particular accounting for international minutess, comparings of accounting rules in different states, and harmonisation of diverse accounting criterions worldwide and revenue enhancement demands ofA all the states in which the company does concern. .Not-for-profit AccountingA trades with particular accounting for charitable organisations, A spiritual groups, governmental bureaus, schools and co-ops etc Though we have different subdivisions of accounting the two chief signifiers of accounting information are fiscal accounting and managerial accounting. We will discourse about these two subdivisions of accounting in the 2nd portion of this assignment.2.3 BASICS OF AccountingAccounting is based on maintaining records on sound accounting rules which are as follows: Systematic categorization and recordings in books of histories Book- maintaining ( entering of events and minutess ) Sum uping the records – test balance, ledger, net income and loss and balance sheet Interpreting the fiscal minutess2.4 Primary aims of AccountingThe primary aims are: Maintain Accounting records Calculate the consequences of operations Determine the fiscal place Communicate the information to users About all companies create end-of-year fiscal studies, and a new set of books is begun each twelvemonth. Depending on the nature of the company and its size, fiscal studies can be prepared at much more frequent ( even daily ) intervals.3.0 Procedures of accounting recordsThe procedures of accounting records are: Identifying Measuring Recording Classifying Sum uping Analyzing Interpreting Communicate the fiscal minutess and events The map of these procedures is to keep orderly records to set up fiscal public presentation and fiscal state of affairs, and to pass on the accounting information to the concerned parties to which the company is accountable.IdentifyingFirst traffics are identified and their needed paperss are collected. That is designation of minutess and economic events of a specific organic structure. It involves choosing the activities related to a Firm. Bills from providers or payment made to creditors are illustrations of economic events.MeasuringIn accounting every recorded dealing of the company needs to be measured in a common unit for case the state ‘s local currency. In Mauritius, many houses trades with abroad companies. However they have to utilize a unvarying pecuniary unit when mensurating minutess.RecordingDealingss are recorded to supply a history of the organisation ‘s fiscal activities. That is maintaining systematic record in proper books of histories. Recording is done on a regular basis and it enables the company to place all the traffics of the house.ClassifyingAfter minutess are recorded in history books, they are posted to the appropriate histories. That is rent in rents account, gross revenues in gross revenues account. Classifying is the analysis of concern minutess of similar nature..Sum upingAfter the above processes the information found in fiscal statements are analyzed make decisions about the profitableness and fiscal places of the concern. It will so decently presented harmonizing to Accounting Torahs ( Trial balance, trading and profit-and-loss history and balance sheet ) to do it apprehensible to internal and external users of the fiscal information.Analyzing and InterpretingThe trading and profit-and-loss history and balance sheet are analyzed to pull decisions on the fiscal strengths or the failings of the house. It besides helps to determind growing or lessening in gross revenues. These are achieved by ciphering assorted ratios and per centums or by using other techniques. The information is used for fixing the hereafter aims and methods for achieving such aims.CommunicatingThe accounting information is so communicated users or individual concerned. This is made by administering to the users the fiscal studies. It includes income statement, balance sheet and other extra information in the signifier of accounting ratios, graphs, diagrams etc. The consequences of analysis and reading must be communicated to the parties who are to do determinations or signifier judgements so that appropriate determinations may be taken at the right clip4.0 What is fiscal accounting and Managerial ACCOUNTING?Though we have different subdivisions of accounting the two chief signifiers of accounting information are fiscal accounting and managerial accounting. Talk of accounting, we besides need to advert Tax accounting. As the name itself, revenue enhancement accounting focuses on revenue enhancement issues. It provides revenue enhancement information to revenue enhancement governments.Fiscal AccountingFinancial and direction accounting are both of import tools for a concern, but serve different intents. A concern uses accounting to find operational programs in the hereafter, to reexamine past public presentation and to look into current concern maps. Management and fiscal accounting have different users, as investors are non normally involved in the daily operations of the concern but are concerned about their investing, whereas directors need information rapidly to do day-to-day concern determinations. Fiscal accounting is used to show the fiscal wellness of an organisation to its external stakeholders. Board of managers, shareholders, fiscal establishments and other investors are the audience for fiscal accounting studies. Fiscal accounting nowadayss a specific period of clip in the past and enables the users to see how the company has performed. Fiscal accounting studies must be filed on an one-year footing, and for publicly traded companies, the one-year study must be made portion of the populace record Fiscal Accounting is concerned with classifying, mensurating and entering the minutess of a concern. It is geared towards external users of accounting information. Fiscal accounting provides information that would be helpful in pulling capital. It shows the fiscal place of a concern at a peculiar point in clip and shows how a concern has performed over a specific period. The three chief fiscal statements that help to accomplish this purpose are the Profit & A ; Loss history, the Balance sheet and the Cash Flow Statement.Managerial AccountingOn the other manus, direction accounting is a system designed unambiguously for the company direction squad. It provides current and accurate information to directors of the company to do determinations refering the daily operations of a concern. It is non based on past public presentation, but on current and future tendencies. Because directors frequently have to do operation determinations in a short period of clip in a fluctuating environment, direction accounting relies chiefly on prediction of markets and tendencies. The information is used for planning of future ends of the company. It besides helps to measure internal public presentation of the company.4.1 Differences between Financial and Managerial accounting.The users of Financial accounting is chiefly external individuals as it describes the whole administration. For illustration stockholders, creditors, Banks and other fiscal establishments. A direction accounting system produces information that covers portion of the organisation or a specific section that is used within an organisation, by directors and employees for determination devising. Fiscal histories are supposed to be in specific format. This will simplify affairs when seeking to compare histories of different companies. On other manus there is no particular format for managerial accounting. Fiscal accounting helps in doing investing determination but Management Accounting helps directors to enter, program and control activities. Fiscal accounting focal points on history where as direction accounting focal points on past and existent public presentations every bit good as future. Fiscal histories are prepared by comptrollers but managerial accounting is prepared by officers of different sections. They coordinate informations and bring forth direction histories. Fiscal histories are for a particular and good defined period. For illustration yearly or semi yearly for big companies. However direction histories can be prepared whenever it is needed. It can be daily, hebdomadal or monthly. Fixing fiscal studies is compulsory for limited companies. It has to be filed with competent governments while there are no legal demands to fix studies on managerial accounting. Fiscal histories are largely concerned with pecuniary points but managerial histories can be both pecuniary and non pecuniary points. For illustration stock counts or end product.4.2 Aims of Financial Accounting versus Managerial aimsThe chief aim of fiscal accounting is to unwrap the concluding consequence of the house and place fiscal status of the concern on a peculiar day of the month. On the other manus the chief aim of managerial accounting is to assist direction by supplying to them information which they use to be after, measure and command the concern.4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Financial Accounting.Access to InformationAmong the most important advantages of fiscal accounting is the information it reveals about a concern. This information is utile to non merely leaders who use informations about gross, disbursals, assets and equity to do determinations for the hereafter, but besides to investors who examine the consequences of fiscal accounting, known as fiscal state ments, to make up one's mind which concerns to put in. Financial accounting allows concern leaders to change their budgets and programs for the hereafter to turn to new fiscal jobs or take advantage of the fiscal strengths that accounting reveals to turn or derive competitory advantages within an industry.ConformityGovernment ordinances require concerns to execute fiscal accounting, which means that the procedures has the added advantage of maintaining a concern in line with regulative bureaus and free from mulcts or disciplinary action. Financial accounting information is an component of transparence and concern moralss, necessitating honest and accurate information for investors, rivals and market analysts to reexamine. Businesss besides need information from fiscal accounting, such as net incomes after disbursals and the value of tax-deductible disbursement, to finish their one-year concern income revenue enhancement returns.CostFiscal accounting is an expensive portion of making concern, particularly for big concerns. For a little concern, proprietors need to give clip to accounting, which takes off from the clip they can pass working with employees or giving their endowments to the concern ‘ merchandises and services straight. Large concerns employ accounting sections that consist of specializers who earn professional wages and necessitate benefits, offices and equipment to execute their occupations. This means that a concern demands to utilize the information it additions from fiscal accounting to its ain fiscal benefit or hazard losing money in the procedure.Timing ProblemsFiscal accounting besides can present disadvantages to a concern by interrupting the timing of its operations. This is peculiarly true when a concern chooses the incorrect type of accounting for its activities, or fails to update its accounting methods to maintain gait with its growing. For illustration, hard currency method accounting merely enters minutess once they are comple ted, which works good for little concerns but can non account for the outstanding payments and histories receivable that a big concern is likely to hold. A big concern that use hard currency method accounting alternatively of accrual method accounting hazards losing path of major constituents of its fiscal image, while a little concern that employs the accrual method takes on unneeded complication and disbursal.4.4 Advantages of Management AccountingSince it is focused on doing future determinations with the aid of past fiscal information, it is frontward looking and hence progressive in nature. Managerial histories are meant for internal users like direction and therefore it is non necessary that it is made by following rigorous guidelines which is the instance with fiscal accounting. It is flexible in nature and therefore it can be prepared anytime and they are non required to be made annually they can be made monthly or on hebdomadal footing. Management accounting takes all the i nformations and so show it in such a manner that a proper analysis about the feasibleness and profitableness of any concern determination can be made.4.5 Disadvantages of Management accounting It is dependent on cost accounting and fiscal histories and therefore the truth of it is besides dependent on how accurate that information is. This it is one of the restrictions every bit far as its serviceability is concerned. It can besides be affected by the prejudice of top direction and therefore it is likely that they may be pulled in such a manner so as to profit themselves instead than stockholders. Since it does non follow accounting rules, it can non be compared with other companies studies and therefore accurate rating about the direction may non be possible on the footing of direction accounting.5.0 DecisionAs we can clearly see accounting is really of import in every facets of life and corporate lives. Without accounting it will non be possible to acquire exact figures to analyze, comparison or even better. Accounting is based on several rules and ways to treat accounting informations. These accounting procedures are a concatenation of undertakings that needs to be done and respected during the accounting twelvemonth to acquire accurate and coveted consequences.

Changes Brought by Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights movement, during the 1960s and 1970s, created many changes for both American society and its schools. The transformations were the result of such movements as Bilingual Education, women†s† rights activity, and the passing of the Public Law 94-142 legislation. The incorporation of these new laws and ideas into society all came with their own consequences. Each of them helped, in some way, to lessen the inequality of minority groups in America, like students whose primary language was not English, women, and handicapped children. They also faced opposition by certain groups, who did not eel that their inclusion in American life was necessary. Those fighting for the minorities, though, were steadfast in their efforts, and made many successful The Bilingual Education movement in America began in the late 1960s. It was made to be an important issue due to the fact that many Spanish-speaking children were attending schools that only included the English language in their curriculum. This resulted in low academic achievement rates for the students. Bilingual education programs were developed to try to resolve this dilemma in the American schools. In these programs, teaching was given in both Spanish nd English. Some attempts were eventually made to set a standard for the bilingual education and make it a nationally recognized idea. The Bilingual Education Act, passed by Congress in 1968, made an approach to legitimize the instruction of non-English speaking children (U & W, 317). It did not set any standards though, so how well the act was observed was basically left up to whose arguments were stronger–the opposers or the defenders. The Supreme Court popularized the issue in 1974, in the Lau vs. Nichols case. This case involved â€Å"Chinese American children in San Francisco who spoke little or no English† (ibid. . Those fighting for the children wanted them to receive extra attention in teaching English. After the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the children, various proposals were given to attempt to solve The inclusion of bilingual education in America†s school†s curriculum brought about different ideas on how to resolve the issue. The first of these approaches suggested that there be a special curriculum for non-English speakers, so that they can concentrate on learning the English language. The second involved taking non-English speaking students out of regular classrooms until they learned the language fully. The third approach, bilingual education, suggested teaching the student†s native language and English equally. According to Urban and Wagoner in American Education: A History, â€Å"advocates of this last approach sometimes emphasized biculturalism as well and These attempts were both supported and opposed by various parties. Those who defended incorporation of bilingual education into American schools included politicians and other Hispanic leaders, who were trying to prevent assimilation. Opposers included â€Å"teachers, Anglo politicians, and some Hispanic intellectuals†, who thought that it was important for the children to ssimilate in to the society (ibid. ). Women†s rights activity also became popular in the 1960s, but did not have many large effects on the schools. Teachers did not want to be involved with the feminists, and so the activists also distanced themselves from the teachers. The hard work and determination of the feminists did though, bring about the passing of the Title IX of the Higher Education Act in 1972 (ibid. , 320). This act instilled gender equality in institutions of higher education, and has played a monumental role in regulating fairness among the sexes in colleges and The Title IX continues to aid in maintaining equality between college men and women, among other things, though there is still work to be done. The act has been successful supporting attempts to bring more female administrators into schools. In actuality though, women principals and administrators in schools and school districts are still scarce (ibid. ). Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, was an act of legislation passed by Congress in 1972. It assured that all handicapped children received equal public education. It also allowed disabled hildren to be students in regular classrooms, an idea called â€Å"mainstreaming† (ibid. ). Included in the act, was a development called the individualized education plan (IEP). This plan was for all handicapped students enrolled in the program, and it would analyze the children†s† progress, as well as any goals that Public Law 94-142 encountered intense debates from both supporters and opposers. The children and their parents greatly approved of the special education program because it provided a much more favorable education than what they were receiving previously. They were getting a chance to be educated n the same atmosphere as children without disabilities. Others who opposed mainstreaming and the special education programs included various school officials, and the parents of non-handicapped children. The officials believed that Congress was violating the school system, by enacting educational legislation, without providing a way to fund it. The parents were angered because they felt that the handicapped children brought in to the classrooms would take too much attention away from their children†s† education. This issue was never quite resolved with the legislation, and it still remains today. The Bilingual Education movement, women†s rights activity, and Public Law 94-142 are just a few of the ideas, movements, and acts of legislation that produced changes in American society and the education system in the 1960s and 1970s. Some, like bilingual education, affected what was taught in the classroom. Others, like the women†s rights movement, and Public Law 94-142, transformed the schools themselves, and also who was attending them. Each included their own outcome and consequences when they were enacted. The outcomes, in fact, have allowed for standards that exist in American schools today.

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Analyse and discuss how the introduction of internet technologies has Essay

Analyse and discuss how the introduction of internet technologies has and is changing retailing. Give examples to illustrate your answer - Essay Example Over the years, the advancements on the internet have led to many companies adapting to the use of online. Online retailing or e-retailing resulted in the development of the e-tail ware (software tools that help in creating online catalogue and at the same managing those businesses connected with the e-tailing). The introduction of internet technologies has been and is still changing retailing; companies have adapted the system of online retailing, as it is fast and cheaper that of "physical" retailing (Doherty & Ellis-Chadwick, F, 2010). Its emergence brought about some benefits that included the ability to offer unusual, unique products and services, improve the economic gains, and made distribution of these products more efficient. The e-retailing also results to an assortment of complementary products. Examples of these businesses that adapt to the concept of online retailing include the Netflix and the Amazon. These companies usually dispense with the staffing and the costs requirements and exist only on the internet. The introduction of the e-retailing (internet technologies) concept greatly influences the way businesses handle their customers; however even with the many benefits resulting from the concept they also have several disadvantages. These disadvantages include security issues, in that the sharing of data may not be secure and may face threats suck as ‘hacking. Another disadvantage is that the use of the concept includes the lack of proper payment system, slow internet connections at times, and there may be limited access to the customer/consumers. The impact has impacts on retailing (the impacts of e-retailing), for the positive impacts of using online retailing is the cost. Use of online retailing reduces the costs of marketing, for example, the cost of referencing and storing a product in e-retail website is less that the cost of referencing and storing a product in a "physical" store. With the

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4 - Case Study Example isorder – Observation of thin, tired-looking, fatigued, weight loss, poor appetite, muscle weakness, skin warm, dry, flat affect, provides little detail in answers, indecisive, has difficulty concentrating depressed mood or anhedonia (absence or pleasure) for at least 2 weeks. (Pg 53) sleep disturbance, weight loss, loss of appetite, loss of sexual interest (Pg 59-60), Patients with depression may display poor or lapsed hygiene. Pg 61 May cause a patient to be withdrawn (Pg 61), negative, slow, low-self-esteem Hypothesis 1: Major depressive disorder – genetics plays a vital role, results from abnormalities between brain hormones and neurotransmitters i.e. hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Depression might be caused by relational issues. Bereavement is among the most traumatizing, painful and gut wrenching experience a person will ever face. Grieving people often undergo various states during this period (regret, loneliness, withdrawal, intrusive images, depression, unhappiness, a feeling of being overwhelmed and depersonalization. These characteristics displayed by the patient made the diagnosis from settling on anemia, thyroiditis and insomnia. At first, the feelings of grief may seem to be forgotten. But, with time they evolve into bursts of depression which are brought about by the reminders of the dead/deceased (Astrid,

ANOVA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANOVA - Essay Example The trainers held various positions in the program and had varying levels of education and job experience as well. The aim of the research was to determine whether the level of job satisfaction among athletic trainers varied relative to certain demographic characteristics. These included gender, tenure, position, age, and educational level. Data was collected using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). The MSQ measured intrinsic, extrinsic, and overall job satisfaction. Moreover, demographic information was likewise collected as these were used to group or classify the sample. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics with increased importance given to the measurement of the mean, variance, and standard deviation. The ANOVA test was then used to compare the levels of job satisfaction based on demographic characteristics. For instance, using the said tool, it was determined that groups classified according to the position they held had statistically significant differences with regards to their overall job satisfaction levels. Also, it was discovered that statistically significant differences existed between the subgroups based on their gender, age, educational level, and tenure.

Environment, Crime, and Disease of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Environment, Crime, and Disease of Pakistan Essay In 1947 Pakistan was granted a partition from British India and Pakistan was created. Since that date, Pakistan as a country has been facing a set of unique problems. Environment, crime and disease are issues that influence the lives of all people of Pakistan. Awareness, security and protection by Pakistan government is required if change is expected. Overpopulation and terrorism are two issues that must be addressed by the Pakistan’s government. Pakistan is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and the country is tainted by the terrorist acts, which take place every day. Pakistan’s current state and the issues of terrorism and population have significant influence on environment, crime, and disease within Pakistan. Overpopulation is defined as the state in which numbers exceed the ability to provide available resources. Overpopulation creates a long list of problems which includes but not limited to issues of; food shortage in the country because its resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of the people, issues of transportation resources that are not sufficient to provide better transport facilities to whole of the population. Overpopulation creates air, water and noise pollution in the environment and in this way, badly effects the environment and the health of the people of Pakistan. The ratio between the population and available resources cannot be ignored. Available resources will not be sufficient to meet the demand of rising population. The amount of waste produced by population will slow down the waste management programs leaving untreated waste and poor hygiene that will result in the spread of diseases. Overpopulation will make the spread of contagious diseases even easier. Health resources available will not be sufficient enough to cater to the needs of the huge population. Population issues of Pakistan and how this issue is affecting the environmental health and economical state of Pakistan is a real concern. Pakistan is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. According to the World Bank’s overview of Pakistan, â€Å"Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The country is located at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, China and the Middle East and is thus at the fulcrum of a regional market with a vast population, large and diverse resources, and untapped potential for trade. The increasing proportion of Pakistan’s working-age population provides the country with a potential demographic dividend but also with the critical challenge to provide adequate services and increase employment† (para. 1). If steps are taken the population of Pakistan can be beneficial to the development, growth, and economic state of the country. The government must promote and fund education awareness to the citizens of Pakistan. IRIN News reports in 2011, â€Å"According to official figures, the projected population for 2015 is 191 million, up from the current figure of 170 million, making it the sixth most populous nation on earth. By 2050 it is expected to climb into fourth place† (para 2). The percentage of Pakistani are of Islam faith and the religious beliefs are a factor in the growth rate. Unfortunately, the Muslim’s in Pakistan are led to believe that birth control is a heinous sin. It’s normal for men in the country to desire to father many children and to seek medical treatment if they cannot achieve this goal. In China, those couples who have more than one child lose their jobs and have to migrate to the rural areas to work in the fields. In Pakistan, modern education should be taught to the people that birth control is not forbidden by Islam. Until that happens, Pakistan’s population will go on increasing exponentially. There is another factor to consider when overpopulation is being analyzed within Pakistan. At independence in 1947, many refugees from India settled in urban areas of Pakistan. Years preceding the partition, a significant amount of the residents of Pakistan cities boarding India were immigrants. Some refugee colonies were eventually recognized as cities in their own right. People of India migrated from the Muslim minority provinces to Muslim majority provinces within Pakistan, seeking refuge. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports, â€Å"Pakistan hosts over 1.6 million registered Afghans, the largest and most protracted refugee population in the world† (para 1). The Pakistan government is trying to put processes in place to assist the refugees back to their original country of home. It is vital to the state of the country and all people living in Pakistan for the government and other assisting programs to continue to make progress concerning the population issue in Pakistan. Terrorism is another threat to Pakistan’s progress as a country. Terrorism crime is affecting the development of Pakistan and is a devastating issue to the people, safety, economy, and quality of life within Pakistan. The war on terror has affected Pakistan more than any other nation in the world. The World Bank reports, â€Å"Pakistan faces significant economic, governance and security challenges to achieve durable development outcomes. The persistence of conflict in the border areas and security challenges throughout the country is a reality that affects all aspects of life in Pakistan and impedes development. A range of governance and business environment indicators suggest that deep improvements in governance are needed to unleash Pakistans growth potential† (para 2). The civilians involved are traumatized by the fighting, violence, and discrimination. Human rights are being denied due to the continuous attacks and violence the terrorist afflict on the civilians wit hin Pakistan. This country would greatly benefit from a leader who can lead this country in its hour of crisis and make the population feel proud of their nationality. The major reason of increase in population and the terrorism in Pakistan is due to lack of education and government investment. Government should invest more money to educate people. Pakistan government must remain allies to those who will support the initiatives set in motion to establish a positive future for the country of Pakistan. The Pakistan government must make those who commit terrorist acts accountable and stand up for the victims. The country must strengthen the infrastructure of its military and security groups. Government of Pakistan should focus on improving economic governance, human development, social protection, security, and reducing the risk of conflict. Through these objectives the country’s ability to become a stronger country will increase. References IRIN News. (2011, January 18). PAKISTAN: Population growth rate adds to problems Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91656/PAKISTAN-Population-growth-rate-adds-to-problems Peter Blood, ed. Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/29.htm The UN Refugee Agency. (2013). Pakistan. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e487016.html The World Bank. (nd). Pakistan. Retrieved February 8, 2013, from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan

The Welfare Needs Of The Elderly Social Work Essay

The Welfare Needs Of The Elderly Social Work Essay Introduction Nowadays, Malaysians are living longer, they are on an average of 74 years for men and 78 years for women. In others words, their life expectancy has increase. With the advances in medical care and better nutrition, older people are living longer, they are more visible, more active and more independent than ever before and they are in better health. Therefore there is a growing concern regarding the global phenomenon of aging. A decline in the birth as well as death rates has resulted in an increase in the elderly population. As a result, the demographers are now paying more attention to the issues of aging. Total Population 26.75 m 28.96 m 65 and above 1.15 m 4.3% 1.36 m 4.7 % This table shows that the total population and the aged of 65 years or above in Malaysia in the year of 2005 and 2010. In 2005, the total population of Malaysia was 26.75 million, and which 1.15 million or 4.3% was aged 65 years and above. Moreover, in 2010, Malaysia currently has a population of approximately 29 million, and aged 65 years and above has increased to 1.36 million or 4.7%. With the projected population growth of 2% annually, it expected that the total population in 2020 will rise to 34 million, of which 3.2 million or 9.5% will be the age of 65 years and above. In the year 2035, the country is expected to have a total population of about 46 million of which 6.9 million or 15% will be the aged 65 years and above. This is evident that Malaysias demographic ageing pattern is emerging. Based on the figure showed in this table, the real numbers of older person have increased lately, which also means that the number of elderly will continue to grow over the coming year. As t he populations of older Malaysian grows, so there has a hidden problem of elder abuse. Further, the number of elderly with chronic illness is likely to increase. This can pose an increased burden on their caregivers such as family members, and it could lead to a higher risk of elderly abuse. Elder abuse is a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person (Action on Elder Abuse 1995). The willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment with resulting physical harm or pain or mental anguish, or the willful deprivation by a caretaker of goods or services which are necessary to avoid physical harm, mental anguish or mental illness. (1985 Elder Abuse Prevention, Identification Treatment Act). According to the Swanson(1999), elder abuse refers to the mistreatment of older people by those in a position of trust, power or responsibility for their care. This is a global problem that is likely to intensify in view of the increasing number of older people and the changing socio-economic and environmental conditions worldwide (Randel et al. 1999). Further, Hazzard (1995) described elder abuse as cruel and inhumane t reatment of the elderly. Kapur (1997) defines it as a kind of harassment or an injustice done to the elderly by the family members themselves. In fact, there is too many definition of elder abuse but despite this, most would agree with this definition an action or inaction by someone in a position of trust; often a family member or unrelated caregiver. Normally, more than 2/3rds of the abusers are their family members and are typically giving their basic needs or care support such as food, shelter, personal care or transportation. In others word, someone who commits elder abuse usually has control or influence over the older person. The older persons often know and trust the abusers. Some victims of elder abuse depend on the people who hurt them, sometimes for food, shelter, personal care, or transportation. Therefore, the abusers could be their family members, friend, someone the older people relies on for basic needs or staff in group residential settings such as care homes or in long term health care facilities. The Prevalence of Elderly Abuse in Five Developed Countries Country Prevalence (%) USA 3.2 Canada 4.0 Finland 5.4 Netherlands 5.6 United Kingdom 5.0 This table shows the prevalence of the elderly abuse in five developed countries, which are USA, Canada, Finland, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The prevalence of the elderly abuse in USA with percentage is 3.2%, in Canada is 4.0%, in Finland is 5.4%, in Netherlands is 5.6% and United Kingdom is 5.0%. But in Malaysia, the information and data of elderly abuse is scarce. Although this epidemic is virtually unheard of in Malaysia, we are challenged to be aware of the many faces of elder abuse in our own society. So far in Malaysia, there are no reported cases of elder abuse to the Department of Social Welfare as well as no agency keeps proper records of the incidence of elder abuse in this country. The actual and prevalence of elder abuse is unknown and difficult to measure. Elderly abuse exists in our society but it is hardly reported. This problem often remains undetected because of poor public awareness and lack of knowledge among health care personnel. This is because it can cause some adverse effects on the health and quality of life of the elderly. Due to their mental capacity, they are unaware of the help available to them. Therefore, elder abuse is seldom reported. In most situations, elderly are unlikely to report that they are being abused because they are fear of embarrassment and fear of losing care support. They are mostly completely under the control of the abuser and depend on the abusers for food, shelter, clothing and health care. Furthermore, they also fear of harm by the abuser. Some of them are lack of awareness, they are only suspect but uncertain that is abuse, therefore, the cases of elder abuse is hardly to report and also seldom reported. As the aging population continue grows, they are need more care and attention. The care and attention may help them remain free of abuse and it can be from their family members, relatives, friends and neighbours. Further, some of them also can be from their caregivers such as from the care home, or nursing home personnel. Other than that, older also can get their care and attention or in form of the fairness from the government by law. This may prevent the occurrence of the elder abuse. Conclusion Elder abuse should be a growing concern issue in our society but it is preventable. Each of us, as individuals, family members, in the community, as a society, government or nongovernmental agencies, must play our role, hand in hand to curb this problem. Understanding the magnitude of the problem, knowing and acting against its root causes will help to provide a healthier and safer society in this country and all over the world. In short, we must continue to create awareness, concern our loved ones care and protect them from becoming one of the victims. Further, if we find any problem, moved our loved one immediately and report them to the police. For so many to live to be old is one of the most remarkable achievements of the twentieth century. To be old and live in dignity free from all forms of abuse must be a common goal for all societies of the twenty-first century. Elderly have rights and deserved to be loved and respected. Certainly elder abuse will increase with an ageing population worldwide, especially if adequate caregiver support programmes and services are not developed in tandem.

New Labours Traditional Family Values in Policy

New Labours Traditional Family Values in Policy In Comparison to the Thatcher Government, in what ways does New Labour try to bring back traditional family values through policy and legislation? Abstract The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate and compare the way in New Labour is trying to bring back traditional family values through policy and legislation with the ways in which the Thatcher government had tried to do so. As will be explained and analysed there are some similarities and indeed some profound differences between the objectives and the methods of New Labour and the Thatcher governments. As will be analysed in great depth both the Thatcher government and New Labour government came to power with wide-ranging visions of how they wished to transform the politics, the economy, and the society of Britain. The Thatcher government’s attempts to bring back traditional family values through policy and via legislation will be evaluated first, in order to examine the extent to which its objectives succeeded or if those objectives failed. Arguably, the Thatcher government had a massive impact upon the social, economic, and the political make up or infrastructure of Britain, even if not always in the ways that it had intended, or had hoped for. The Thatcher government also discovered that the consequences of their policy decisions could be contradictory, rather than complimentary to the primary objectives of the legislation that they passed. The latter parts of the dissertation will concentrate upon the transition of the Labour party away from its traditional economic and social policies into New Labour and how, that transition affected its policies and objectives. New Labour was a reinvention of the Labour party designed to regain power after 18 years in the political wilderness. Traditionally, the Labour party had regarded the promotion of social ownership of the means of production (the infamous clause four of its constitution); and the provision of generous benefits by the welfare state for those in need as sacrosanct policy areas. Labour governments had used progressive taxation and high public sector borrowing to pay for high social policy expenditure if that was needed. Those were the policies mainly used to maintain or bring back traditional family values by all previous Labour governments. New Labour, as will be demonstrated, turned away from the concepts of increasing levels of social ownership, and set limits for the use of progressive taxation and increasing public sector borrowing, whilst promising to reform the welfare state. The combination of these measures was intended to focus help on to those people that needed help the most. It also arguably, gives cause to debate whether New Labour is driven by its ideological principles; or if it is driven by the more selfish desire to obtain and subsequently retain governmental office. After all, as any self-respecting politician will tell anybody willing to hear them, it is no good having a vision of transforming society if there is no political office or power to do anything about enacting that vision. Certainly before winning the general election of 1997 New Labour emphasised its intention to bring back traditional family values through policy and where it was considered to be necessary through legislation. As a party New Labour committed itself to improving public services, fighting crime, and a host of other measures to make Britain a better place to live in. Also to be discussed is New Labour’s policies and legislation upon human rights and equality for all, that in many respects goes beyond bringing back traditional family values. Whilst politicians are generally in agreement over the need for traditional family values, they differ as to the best policies and if needs be the best legislation to restore, promote, or protect traditional family values. Differences over the best ways to achieve traditional family values are influenced by differing ideological approaches, as well as different understandings of human nature. Governments do not only rely on policy and legislat ion to achieve or at least aim to achieve their objectives. Governments try to influence the public through official statements, press and television articles, as well as presenting its objectives to the public as frequently as possible. The public of course does not have to be persuaded by the influence, policy, and legislation of any government. Indeed the public can affect the policy and legislation that governments adopt by voting those governments in and out of office at every general election. The media has a great deal of influence in its own right when it comes to the moral attitudes and acceptable standards of behaviour that the British public hold. All are issues and influences upon the restoration or promotion of traditional family values will be evaluated. Introduction Before evaluating and analysing the ways in which New Labour and the Thatcher governments aimed to bring back bring traditional family values, it would be best to define what is meant by traditional family values. Usually traditional family values are considered to be the promotion of long lasting marriages, bringing up children to be well behaved and law abiding, and educating everybody to respect law and order. Traditional family values are also linked with a religious or moral upbringing, yet it can also encompass people being responsible for providing for their own financial and social welfare through working hard and saving, as well as taking responsibility for their own actions. Traditional family values were linked in public perceptions to Victorian times, the majority of people may now be materially better off yet their sense of morality, and the willingness to accept traditional family values has declined noticeably (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p.42). In the British conte xt the religious influences upon traditional family values had been predominately Christian in their origins. The dominant family values in Britain have been altered by different factors since the 1960s. The belief in Christian values has declined due to the processes of secularisation and liberalisation, changing social attitudes arguably helped by changes in fashion and media coverage. Family values are also different due to the immigration of people into Britain with different religious faiths such as Islam, and Hinduism (Modood, 2005, p.192). Different religious beliefs mean that although non-Christians often have a strong sense of morality and an understanding of how to behave, those moral values are similar yet not necessarily the same as traditional family values as they are perceived (Forman Baldwin, 1999, pp. 10-11). British governments, assuming that they have a sufficient Parliamentary majority are generally able to carry out policy objectives and pass legislation as they feel necessary, or, to keep to the pledges they made in their party manifestos during the previous general election campaigns. The power and the authority held by British governments to carry out their policies is great, and the vast majority of the population accepts the legislation passed through Parliament. However, it is under the assumption that the government can be voted out at the next general election if the majority of voters are unhappy with its performance, or achievements. Much harder to define or evaluate can be the influence that governments have upon people’s beliefs and behaviour. Parties win general elections sometimes because they are the least unpopular party, rather than because they are the most popular. Voters can be as pragmatic or as cynical as the politicians that they vote for or against, they vote for the party that makes them better off, as much as the party that wants to influence or potentially change their beliefs and behaviour (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, pp 4 –5). Now attention is turned to the discussion of how differing ideological, or political beliefs have influenced the Thatcher and New Labour governments into making policy and legislation that affects social policy in Britain. The classical liberal approach to traditional family values was that governments should not intervene in social matters just as they should keep economic interventions down to an absolute minimum. The classical liberal approach regarded the role of governments as being strictly limited to providing legislation when required, and limited educational, law and order, and national defence facilities or services. The moral, religious, and social values may have been Christian yet that was just by historical chance. Classical liberal thinkers such as John Locke argued that the government should tolerate diversity and allow its people to act in anyway they wanted that did not contravene national laws (Lacey, 2006, p.7). For classical liberals, governments should have gone no further than regulating workplace safety and regulating the Poor Law administration. The teaching of traditional family values was down to churches (or other religious institutions), schools, and individual family groups themselves (Eatwell Wright, 2003 p. 36). The ideas of classical liberalism would re-emerge from the 1960s in the guise of neo-liberalism and would have the most influence in Britain upon the government that was led by Margaret Thatcher between May 1979 and her removal from office in November 1990. The Major government that held office from 1990 through to 1997 was regarded as being less dogmatic and more pragmatic than its immediate predecessor was, though conversely placing a greater emphasis on individual morality and standards of behaviour (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 287). Another strand of liberal political ideology emerged at the beginning of the 20th century that favoured a higher level of government intervention in social and economic matters. This ‘new’ liberalism was responsible for the first moves towards establishing the welfare state in Britain. The new Liberals regarded poverty as being the largest single threat to traditional family values, as well as being socially divisive. Poverty often led families into the dreaded workhouses that separated parents from their children, and then parents from each other. Poverty in other words could stop people from caring for each other, it stopped relatives being cared for, and prevented people looking after themselves. The workhouse was, according to the new liberal ideological perspective, the biggest breaker of families, something that grinding poverty did not always achieve (Moran, 2005, p. 28). The introduction of Labour Exchanges, national insurance, which paid small amounts of unemplo yment benefit, and limited old age pensions may have done little to reverse poverty, yet it heralded greater levels of government intervention in social and economic affairs, especially after Labour’s landslide election victory in 1945. All those new Liberal reforms were intended to preserve family units, as unemployment, underemployment, and old age were all factors that made people poor, and put them in the workhouse, or drove them towards committing crimes to make money. Had the British economy been stronger during the inter-period then the limited welfare state of the Liberals might have been extended earlier. There were limited extensions such as the development of council houses and some free health care for the poorest families (Eatwell Wright, 2003 p.38). The Liberal party itself appeared to be in a virtually terminal decline after the First World War with its former supporters either switching their votes to the Conservatives or the Labour party. Conversely it would be variations of liberal ideology that have arguably had the most political, social, and economic influence upon post-war Britain and the values that British government aimed to promote through policy and legislation. New Liberalism had a pronounced influence upon the welfare state and Keynesian economic policies pursued from 1945 through to the late 1970s, particularly under the auspices of the Beveridge Report and the wish to avoid mass unemployment on the scale of the 1930s. New Liberalism also influenced the decision of British governments to accept changing social attitudes by changing policy and passing legislation to recognise the slackening hold of traditional family values. The use of Keynesian economics was lessened during the Callaghan government as it was forc ed into accepting a loan from the International Monetary Fund, and had to reduce public spending before that loan was made available. Of course, it was the revival of neo-liberal ideology that strongly influenced the Thatcher government and meant that the New Labour government had to take power in radically different social and economic circumstances than the Labour governments of the 1970s had faced (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 54). In contrast, the Conservative ideological perspective often placed a greater emphasis upon the promotion and the respecting of traditional family values, either to protect property or to maintain social stability. Conservative politicians in Britain regarded themselves as being the party that maintained law and order better than any other political party, to protect social stability, and strengthen national unity (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 51). The Conservative party was the party that usually claimed to be the guardian of traditional family values. The Conservative party had strong links with the Church of England. Indeed, sometimes people referred to the Church of England as being the Conservative party at prayer. As such the Conservative party took a negative view about human nature that helps to explain its tougher stance on law and order issues (Jones et al, 2004, p. 155). Unlike the classical Liberals, the Conservatives were prepared and remain prepared to actively change gover nment policy, and enact legislation if that was needed to protect traditional family values. Previous Conservative governments in Britain have passed both restrictive and liberalising legislation when they have considered such actions to be justified by present circumstances. Conservatives have been repressive, regressive, or liberal in character at different times (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 54). There was a strong paternalistic streak in the British Conservative party, which has sometimes dominated the party, and at other times has had very little influence over the party’s policies when in government. The paternalistic streak has not always gone well with other ideological influences within the party that have been opposed to intervening in society or the economy. For instance, compare the ideological beliefs of Harold MacMillan, or Anthony Eden with Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher did not like the paternalistic ‘One Nation Tories’, and instead attempted to transfo rm British society (Moran, 2005, p. 28). The Labour party was created specifically to further the interests of the working classes, as such the only traditional family values it wished to protect, promote, or bring back were those that it believed would benefit the working classes. The Labour party was committed to the social ownership of the means of production, and the introduction of extensive welfare, and social security provision. Not only would these measures improve social equality, they would reduce poverty, and make British society better by making it fairer for all. The Labour party was also a political party that was moderate and gradualist in its approach to achieving social, economic, and political reforms. The decline of the Liberal party allowed Labour to become the second main political party in Britain and even form a government in 1924. The first Labour government was only a minority administration, and was therefore unable to achieve much (Wilson, 2005, p. 252). The second Labour government elected in 192 9 had a parliamentary majority, yet its time in office was blighted by the onset of the Great Depression. The party was divided by Ramsey Mac Donald’s decision to cut unemployment benefits, and the introduction of other austerity measures that made the affects of unemployment worse for many of the people that Labour was supposed to help (Wilson, 2005, p. 285). Labour got its big chance to profoundly alter British social and economic policies as a result of the wartime feeling that something should be done to make Britain a fairer and less poverty stricken place to live in. Labour fully backed the proposals of the Beveridge Report and introduced a comprehensive welfare state and reaped its sensational electoral benefits in 1945 (Lacey, 2006, p. 260). The Labour party managed to achieve its social and economic aims during the Atlee governments of 1945 through to 1951. Its objectives were achieved with the introduction of a comprehensive welfare state, the National Health Service (NHS), and increased educational opportunities. To banish the possibility of mass unemployment on the scale of the 1930s, industries were nationalised and Keynesian demand side economic policies were pursued. From the Labour party’s perspective Britain’s traditional family values should have been protected or even promoted by declining levels of poverty, better health care provision, and higher levels of educational achievement. The welfare state and the NHS seemed to be safe as the Conservatives accepted the vast majority of Labour’s reforms (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003, p. 11). In fact, the Conservative Party enjoyed considerable success in the 1950s as the British electorate trusted them to leave the welfare state and public servi ces untouched, whilst successfully managing Keynesian economics to make people financially better off (Sandbrook, 2005 p. 51). Until the late 1960s it seemed that British governments had managed to achieve strong economic growth, an effective welfare system, and a high degree of social harmony. The period also introduced legislation that liberalised British society, for instance the legalisation of homosexuality, abortion, and the abolition of the death penalty. Legislation was also passed that made it easier to get divorced. However, there were to be social, economic, and political developments that loosened the post-war political consensus. The loosening of that post-war consensus began with deteriorating economic growth and social changes, developments that would eventually lead to the emergence of Margaret Thatcher as a politician that was determined to radically alter the political, social, and economic fabric of Britain (Forman Baldwin, 1999, p. 11). It was not just Britain’s relatively poor economic performance that Margaret Thatcher wished to tackle; she wanted to tackle the political, social , and economic decline of Britain. Margaret Thatcher wished to reverse what she considered to be the harmful social and economic consequences of decline fostered by the liberalisation of moral values caused by the legislation of the 1960s and the changes in social attitudes that occurred during the same period (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 42). On the other hand, New Labour wished to regain power by gaining the votes of people that had previously voted for the Thatcher and Major governments, whilst retaining the support of their loyal Labour supporters. Traditional Labour party supporters had not supported the party because it claimed to protect or restore traditional family values; instead they believed that a Labour government would make them better off, and British society fairer. However, traditional Labour voters had been reduced in numbers by the reduction in the size of heavy industries and the Thatcher government’s economic policies such as the sell off of council housing and privatisation (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003 p. 12). The combination of changing social and economic trends, the privatisation policies of the Thatcher government, as well as party in-fighting had condemned the Labour party to four consecutive general election defeats. The Labour Party had expected to win the 1992 general election, altho ugh the Major government managed to get re-elected by scrapping the poll tax (Jones, 1999 p.1). New Labour might not have emerged at all if John Smith had not died leading to Tony Blair becoming the party leader, and going on to reorganise the Labour Party, reshaping its policies, and its image in order to gain power (Seldon Kavanagh, 2005 p. 5). Whilst New Labour emphasised that it would no longer pursue traditional Labour party economic policies, it would stress that it was keen to make British society fairer than it had been during the Thatcher and the Major governments. New Labour stressed that it stood for fairer social values, for instance actively trying to encourage the acceptance of cultural diversity, or promoting gay and lesbian rights (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 397). New Labour shifted its economic policies to the right first, then moved its social policies in a similar direction (Moran, 2005, p. 28). Tony Blair and New Labour stressed that once in power it would help to bring back traditional family values by being tough on crime by tackling its social and economic causes (Seldon Kavanagh, 2005, p. 6). New Labour has also pledged to reform welfare provision, the NHS, and the education system to improve performance and reduce social exclusion. New Labour wanted to restore what it considered to be traditio nal family values through policy and legislation, yet with the emphasis being different from the emphasis of the Thatcher government in rhetoric if not in substance (Jones, 1999, p. 2). All governments have to be aware of the public scrutiny that they may have to endure, through Parliament, through media coverage and speculation, as well as been observed by the general public. The government of the day can have its policy and legislation objectives overturned and jeopardised by adverse publicity or media revelations. The media is very useful for the government to sell its policies and pieces of legislation to the electorate yet no government can expect favourable media coverage all of the time and sensible governments will try to manage media coverage to get the best results. The Thatcher and New Labour governments took media management techniques seriously for their periods in office although that has not guaranteed that they will succeed in making all their policy and legislation succeed, whether or not it was meant to restore traditional family values (Jones, 1999, p. 52). Chapter One – The Thatcher government and returning back to traditional family values This chapter will deal with the subject of the Thatcher government and its attempts of returning to traditional family values through policy and legislation. Margaret Thatcher broke the mould of the average Conservative party leader, and it was not simply because she was the first woman to gain that position. Although the Conservatives had been stung by the size of their election defeat in 1945, they had soon recovered to regain power by 1951 (Wilson, 2005, p.484). Successive Conservative leaders from Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden, Harold MacMillan, and Alec Douglas Hume had accepted the post-war political, economic and social consensus established after 1945 (Sandbrook, 2005, p.51). It had been Margaret Thatcher’s immediate predecessor as Conservative leader, Edward Heath that had first attempted to overturn the post-war consensus through the adoption of the Selsdon programme. As Education secretary, Margaret Thatcher was part of the Heath government that eventually returne d to Keynesian economic policies, due to trade union opposition, and the desire to increase economic growth to prevent unemployment levels going past one million (Fisher, Denver Benyon, 2003, p.11). The Heath government would fall victim to increasing trade union opposition that led to the three day week, whilst Heath’s defeat in both general elections of 1974 meant that leading Conservatives were looking for alternative policies and a new leader with a different approach to the discredited Heath. Margaret Thatcher decided to stand for the party leadership and succeeded in displacing Heath. After she became Conservative leader, her differing ideological outlook from her post-war predecessors started to emerge. Thatcher’s right wing rhetoric, no nonsense leadership style, her forthright messages, and obvious sense of nationalism struck the right chords with the British electorate during the late 1970s (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 160). Margaret Thatcher was determined to restore the electoral fortunes of the Conservative and then went on to revive the ailing British economy by fundamentally altering social, economic, and political attitudes within the country. Thatcher believed that Britain needed to radically overhaul its social and economic policies to reverse economic decline and social decadence. The medicine that Thatcher prescribed to cure Britain of its social and economic woes was the adoption of neo-liberal economic policies and a return to traditional family values. According to neo-liberal economists such as Hayek and Friedman, Keynesian economics and extensive welfare states like Britain’s after 1945 were socially and economically detrimental. Thatcher had been introduced to these concepts by one of her closest advisors, Sir Keith Joseph, and she saw them as the solution to Britain economic decline and social degradation (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 54). The welfare state removed the incent ive to work, or the incentives to reduce the size of families, whilst providing adequate standards of living for those that were work shy or content to have children outside of marriage and long term relationships. The pursuit of Keynesian economic policies had increased the power of trade unions whilst restricting the efficiency of both public and private sector enterprises. Thatcher argued that excessively high rates of taxation reduced the incentives for people to work harder and meant that some people were financially better off by being unemployed. Thatcher’s solution to these problems was to end Keynesian economic policies, lower taxes, sell off public assets, and attempt to reduce the size of the welfare state. The inability of the Callaghan government to solve Britain’s economic ills and the Winter of Discontent of industrial action and public sector strikes allowed Thatcher to take power after winning the general election of May 1979 (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003, p.11). Once in office the Thatcher government undertook a radical reshaping of economic policy that had a major impact upon British society and influenced the success of policy and legislation to bring back traditional family values. The pursuit of economic liberalisation was the government’s policy given priority over all other policies and initiatives. Thatcher believed that economic liberalisation would be the catalyst that would modernise and revive Britain’s economic performance, with the anticipated consequence that it would revive at least some of the traditional family values. That was the underlying belief that people should work to make their lives better rather than relying upon the welfare state to give them handouts. The problem with adopting monetarist economic policies was that it resulted in the highest levels of unemployment witnessed in Britain since the Great Depression of the 1930s. With more than three million people unemployed, expenditure on the social s ecurity budget increased rather than decreased. Economic policy in this instance actually made the return to traditional family values less likely to be achieved. High unemployment levels instead meant a return to inter-period levels of poverty, and the closure of unprofitable coal mines and steel mills devastated whole communities (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 54). High unemployment levels also helped the Thatcher government to break the power of the trade unions more effectively than legislation on its own. That legislation was restrictive of trade union powers in its own right, more so than the failed efforts of the Heath government a decade earlier. The Thatcher government regarded employment legislation as vital in making its efforts to erode trade union power effective. The Employment Act of 1980 took away the rights of trade unions to operate closed shops (allowing workers the right not to join trade unions), take secondary industrial action, or, use flying pickets to force employers to give into their demands. The Employment Act also laid down certain conditions that trade unions had to follow exactly before they could take industrial action. For instance, trade unions had to hold postal ballots to vote for or against strike action. Any trade union that did not hold official ballots was going on strike illegally, and therefore faced lega l action from employers. For the Thatcher government the Employment Act of 1980 proved invaluable with its conflicts with the militant trade unions, especially the coal miners (Forman, Baldwin, 1999, p.450). For the Thatcher government its conflict with the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) led by Arthur Scargil proved the ultimate test of whether it could change the social and economic structure of Britain to fit in with its ideological outlook. The NUM had been regarded as being largely responsible for the defeat of the Heath government during the 1970s, so the Thatcher government wanted to defeat it as a symbol of Britain being transformed economically, socially, and politically. Although the Thatcher government did give way over pay disputes in 1981 as it did not believe it could defeat the NUM, it was biding its time. However, by 1984 the Thatcher government was certain that the situation had changed in its favour through its new legislation that reduced secondary strike action, and because coal had been stockpiled at power stations to prevent the NUM from forcing the government to give in. The bitter miners strike of 1984-85 effectively broke the power of the NUM forever, and sho wed that the trade unions could no longer bring down any government that they wanted to (Forman Baldwin, 1999, p. 196). As part of its policy objectives to bring back traditional family values the Thatcher government tried to improve the law and order situation without much apparent success. Once again the economic policies of the Thatcher government had consequences for the successful conduct of its social policies. The chief consequence of Thatcherite economic policies was as already mentioned high unemployment. High unemployment made it harder to reduce the level of crime; in fact crime rates rose as sharply as unemployment rates did throughout much of the 1980s (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003, p. 12). Unemployment increased peoples’ sense of desperation as well as putting many of them into poverty. Crime increased as people tried to make ends meet, and it also increased as a result of a rise in the number of people taking illegal drugs. High unemployment and the illegal drug trade meant that respect for law and order was reduced in the majority of inner city areas rather than improved. A com bination of high unemployment, heavy handed policing, and increased levels of racial tension lead to the outbreak of inner city riots in 1981 that alarmed the Thatcher government (Jones et al, 2004, p. 628). To prevent a repeat of those riots the Thatcher government introduced urban redevelopment areas, and attempted to change the policing methods used in areas that contained ethnic minority communities. The Thatcher government tried to reduce crime by allowing courts to set tougher sentences and the introduction of youth detention centres, yet nothing seemed to work (Jones et al, 2004, p. 628). The failure of the Thatcher government to reverse the rising crime figures is a clear demonstration that the social policy, and legislation of governments can have little or virtually no influence over people’s behaviour if they did not want that behaviour to be altered. Although there was a strong link between rising crime and rising unemployment during the Thatcher government the le vels of crime have not decreased, despite unemployment falling since its peak in the late 1980s (Jones et al, 2004, p. 629). Other areas of the That

Artist Pain Exposed in Kafkas A Hunger Artist Essay -- Hunger Artist

Artist Pain Exposed in Kafka's A Hunger Artist      Ã‚  Ã‚   In "A Hunger Artist", Kafka comments on the life of the modern artist through the life of a hunger artist. Kafka comments that the modern artist is always dissatisfied with his or her art. The modern artist also is trapped in a harsh and capricious world, in which the artist struggles to maintain his or her audience by pushing the extreme, but are cheated because they do not receive his or her recognition. Finally, in "A Hunger Artist" Kafka refers to the modern artist's struggle between the need for fame and the need for isolation. As a modern artist, Kafka has experienced the qualities that characterize the modern artist and his experiences have greatly influenced his work, particularly "A Hunger Artist".    The modern artist, as seen with the hunger artist, will always have dissatisfaction with his or her art. The hunger artist was dissatisfied with his work because he was dissatisfied with himself. He was dissatisfied because fasting was easy for him. Although he reveled to the world his secret, the world did not understand him and some even had the "imprudence" to call him a cheat. The hunger artist was also dissatisfied because he wanted to fast for more than forty days, but the impresario refused. Critic Frederick Karl remarks that the hunger artist could only find satisfaction when he achieves purification the closer he comes to the fine line when life and death touch.i[i] Kafka, a modern artist, was dissatisfied with his works. He attempted to achieve purification and perfection through a strict diet and lifestyle, but he failed to make his writings perfect and demanded that his works be burned after he died.ii[ii]      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Kafka,... ...position in society. The modern artist is an outsider, or rather, a joke that "happened to be in fashion". The artist is doomed to rejection and isolation by a harsh and capricious world.    End Notes i Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation, 1991. ii Updike, John. Foreword to Franz Kafka: The Complete Stories. New York: Schoken Books, 1971. iii Winkler, R.O.C.. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism Vol. 2. New York: Gale Research, 1981 iv Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation, 1991. v Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International   Publishing Corporation, 1991. vi Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation, 1991. Artist Pain Exposed in Kafka's A Hunger Artist Essay -- Hunger Artist Artist Pain Exposed in Kafka's A Hunger Artist      Ã‚  Ã‚   In "A Hunger Artist", Kafka comments on the life of the modern artist through the life of a hunger artist. Kafka comments that the modern artist is always dissatisfied with his or her art. The modern artist also is trapped in a harsh and capricious world, in which the artist struggles to maintain his or her audience by pushing the extreme, but are cheated because they do not receive his or her recognition. Finally, in "A Hunger Artist" Kafka refers to the modern artist's struggle between the need for fame and the need for isolation. As a modern artist, Kafka has experienced the qualities that characterize the modern artist and his experiences have greatly influenced his work, particularly "A Hunger Artist".    The modern artist, as seen with the hunger artist, will always have dissatisfaction with his or her art. The hunger artist was dissatisfied with his work because he was dissatisfied with himself. He was dissatisfied because fasting was easy for him. Although he reveled to the world his secret, the world did not understand him and some even had the "imprudence" to call him a cheat. The hunger artist was also dissatisfied because he wanted to fast for more than forty days, but the impresario refused. Critic Frederick Karl remarks that the hunger artist could only find satisfaction when he achieves purification the closer he comes to the fine line when life and death touch.i[i] Kafka, a modern artist, was dissatisfied with his works. He attempted to achieve purification and perfection through a strict diet and lifestyle, but he failed to make his writings perfect and demanded that his works be burned after he died.ii[ii]      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Kafka,... ...position in society. The modern artist is an outsider, or rather, a joke that "happened to be in fashion". The artist is doomed to rejection and isolation by a harsh and capricious world.    End Notes i Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation, 1991. ii Updike, John. Foreword to Franz Kafka: The Complete Stories. New York: Schoken Books, 1971. iii Winkler, R.O.C.. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism Vol. 2. New York: Gale Research, 1981 iv Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation, 1991. v Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International   Publishing Corporation, 1991. vi Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka: Representative Man. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation, 1991.

Vegetarians: Selecting Healthy Nutritional Choices Essays -- Healthy L

Introduction A group of three female friends who are living off campus have approached us to discuss how to have better eating habits but within the limits of their budget. This will require an in depth assessment of the individuals which considers several factors. Once we have a baseline it is key to develop a nursing diagnosis that encompasses the issue at hand. Once that is done a plan can be put into place, involving the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning styles. Assessment First a baseline assessment will be done concerning the clients. There are several identifying factors that may affect our client’s ability to learn and this will need to be discussed first. Typically younger adults exhibit ignorance and are still learning about the world. In this instance these girls may not be used to cooking for themselves, as they are still fresh to the idea of living away from home. They may not be used to buying food for themselves being unaware of the monetary value of food. This is especially the case if they have moved from a far area from accessible food. They will probably require time to individually learn and be informed to learn about their health problems. Also, being in college comes with many responsibilities, which can affect their emotional capability. For example, they may be feeling overwhelmed with the course load from school which in result causes them to focus less on their nutrition. Having a busy schedule leads to having less time for meal preparation, causing them to consume the most convenient meal option. An example of this would be Mr. Noodles or MacDonald’s, which are not necessarily the healthiest options. Since they are in college we have confidence that their cognition and reading level ... ...being able to find healthy nutritional choices is hard enough and adding in a tough budget while living in unfavourable circumstance makes it nearly impossible. By being proactive the three students will be able to overcome this challenge. The use of the health care system will help them gain more resources and knowledge of how to be self-sufficient in a dietary context. If the clients fulfill the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor objectives and goals it is believed that the clients will be successful in acquiring healthy habits and eating healthier within a budget. Works Cited Eating well with Canada’s Food Guide – Main Page – Health Canada. (2011, September 1). Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/index-eng.php Perry, A., & Potter, P. (2013). Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing. (5th ed.). Toronto: Elsevier.

Kants Views on Enlightenment Essay -- Philosophy

Kant's Views on Enlightenment The best summary of Kant's view of Enlightenment lies in the first paragraph of his essay "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?": Sapere Aude. Translated 'dare to know,' the phrase "is the motto of enlightenment." For Kant, enlightenment means rising from the self-imposed stupor which substitutes obedience for reason and which atrophies man's ability to think for himself and develop his natural capacities. Laziness and cowardice prevent man from enlightening himself, an activity which becomes harder over time since man becomes comfortable and content in his stupor. Likening mankind to livestock, Kant cites the army officer, the pastor, and the physician as guardians who paralyze man's freedom by demanding strict obedience and providing ready-made answers. However, Kant stops short of advocating total civil disobedience; the solider must not disobey the orders of his superiors just as the citizen must not refuse to pay his taxes—such actions would catalyze da ngerous unrest. Instead, both parties should be at total liberty to addre... Kant's Views on Enlightenment Essay -- Philosophy Kant's Views on Enlightenment The best summary of Kant's view of Enlightenment lies in the first paragraph of his essay "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?": Sapere Aude. Translated 'dare to know,' the phrase "is the motto of enlightenment." For Kant, enlightenment means rising from the self-imposed stupor which substitutes obedience for reason and which atrophies man's ability to think for himself and develop his natural capacities. Laziness and cowardice prevent man from enlightening himself, an activity which becomes harder over time since man becomes comfortable and content in his stupor. Likening mankind to livestock, Kant cites the army officer, the pastor, and the physician as guardians who paralyze man's freedom by demanding strict obedience and providing ready-made answers. However, Kant stops short of advocating total civil disobedience; the solider must not disobey the orders of his superiors just as the citizen must not refuse to pay his taxes—such actions would catalyze da ngerous unrest. Instead, both parties should be at total liberty to addre...