Fruits As Battery Essay Example for Free

Fruits As Battery Essay Additional information Batteries are devices that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy. Consisting of one or more voltaic cells, batteries come in various sizes and forms and are integrated into most electronic and portable devices. Electrical current is the flow of electrons (movement) of an electrical charge and is measured using an ammeter. Solid conductive metals contain large population of free electrons, which are bound to the metal lattice and move around randomly due to thermal energy. When two terminals of a voltage source (battery) are connected via a metal wire, the free electrons of the conductor drift toward the positive terminal, making them the electrical current carrier within the conductor. Required materials Citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, grapefruits, or oranges. Copper nail, approximately 2 inches in length Galvanized (zinc) nail, about 2 inches in length Small colored or opaque light bulb with a 2 inch lead, such as a holiday LED light. Note that there needs to be enough wire to connect to the nails. Electrical tape or Crocodile (aka: gator) clip (optional) Micro Ammeter a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit, can be found at your local Radio Shack store. (optional) Estimated Experiment Time About 5 to 10 minutes Step-By-Step Procedure 1. Prepare your fruit for the experiment by squeezing it on all sides with your hands. Make sure not to squeeze too tightly and break the skin! The idea is to soften the fruit enough so that the juice inside are flowing. 2. Insert your nails into the fruit, approximately 2 inches apart from one another. The ends (sharp tips) of the nails should be in the center of the fruit, but not touching one another. Be careful not to pierce the nails through the opposite end of the fruit. 3. Remove the insulation around the bulb wires (the leads) so you can expose the wire underneath. You need to remove enough insulation so you can wrap the exposed wire around the nails. 4. Take one of the exposed wires and wrap it around the galvanized (zinc) nail. If the wire keeps slipping off, use some electrical tape or gator clips to keep it attached. 5. Wrap the other end of the wire around the copper nail. 6. When the second wire is attached to the copper nail, your bulb will light up! Note The size of the light bulb will affect how brightly its lit. LED lights require the least amount of energy to light and thus are the best candidates for this experiment. If you have a Micro Ammeter, you can use it to compare the effectiveness of various fruits in relation to electrical current. If using a Micro Ammeter, follow these steps: 1. Connect one of the Micro Ammeters terminals to the copper nail and attach with a Crocodile clip. 2. Connect the other Micro Ammeters terminal to the galvanized plate and attach with a Crocodile clip. Try using different kinds of fruits and measure the differences between them. You may want to consider tomatoes (yes, they ARE fruit) as they have one of the highest pH levels of fruits, making them perfect for this experiment. Observation Do you think another kind of fruit would work with this experiment? How about a vegetable? Which fruit has the best conductivity? Do you think moving the  nails further apart will change the current? Do you think your fruit will continue to power the light bulb after a few hours? How about a few days? Do you think the size of the fruit would effect the voltage? Result The zinc nail is an active metal, which reacts with the acid in the fruit. The active ingredient in the fruit are positively charged ions. A transfer of electrons takes place between the zinc nail and the acid from the fruit. The nails act as poles for the battery, one positive and one negative. Electrons travel from the positive pole to the negative pole via the light bulb wire (the conductor), generating enough electricity to light the bulb.

1870-1880 Essay -- Essays Papers

1870-1880 During the 1870’s the United States experienced great changes with the end of the Civil War. America was going through a period called Reconstruction. Tensions were fairly high and an air of freedom was present throughout the nation. By 1877, it was obvious the United States was beginning to develop into a recognizably modern economic system of making, earning, spending, and living (Brown 60). In 1880, â€Å"over half of American workers worked on farms and only one in twenty worked on manufacturing† (Brown 59). Farmers outnumbered factory by a large number, but factories were still abundant. Child labor occurred after the Civil War as well. By 1872, more than 10,000 children were employed in Philadelphia’s industrial workplaces. That number was even larger in cities such as New York, and it increased as the years progressed (Brown 60). The decade of 1870-1880 consisted of many important issues in American history. Industrialization began to make to makes its way into the American colony. In 1870, the first transcontinental railroad trip in the United States took place. The transcontinental railroad brought America together. This made it easier for traveling and especially made it easier for the industries by being able to commute products back and forth. The transcontinental railroad was the best invention and had a great impact of life for the United States at this time. Another great event that happened for this country was the discovery of gold in 1874. The discovery of gold in the Dakota Territory brought thousands of gold diggers into the Black Hills reservation. Another very important invention that changed America was the telephone on March 10, 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell. This allowed Ameri... ...ccording to Perkins, although French and Russian realists and naturalists influenced James style, â€Å"in Contrast to the European naturalists whose tutelage he acknowledged, he rebelled against the materialistic interpretation of human destiny, and struggled with the problem of undeniable evil as desperately as Hawthorne, whom, among earlier Americans he most admired† (Perkins 1055). This shows that James was greatly influenced by Europeans, but he also has his added his own unique American style. One of James’ stories, â€Å"Daisy Miller," takes place in Switzerland. Throughout this story Europeans see America as being hostile and somewhat harsh. During the decade between 1870 and 1880 , the United States was once again beginning to rebuild the nation. This rebuilding or reconstruction not only affected attitudes, but it affected art and literature throughout the world.

Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member :: gangster crips, kody scott, eight tray

It was on the day of June 15th, 1975 that the world of eleven year old boy named Kody Scott would change completely. A month prior to this day, Kody was suspended from school for flashing a gang sign during the school’s panorama picture; from here it was evident where Kody was heading in life. Growing up in South Central Los Angeles, Kody was always surrounded by gangs and constantly witnessed the warfare created by rival gangs. Upon his return home from his sixth grade graduation Kody dashed out of the window in his room and ran to meet up with Tray Ball, a gang member of the Eight Tray Gangster Crips who had agreed to sponsor Kody into the gang. That night Kody was beaten senseless by the members of the set as a part of his initiation. Then, Tray Ball came and approached Kody with a pump shotgun that contained eight shells and said: â€Å"Kody, you got eight shots, you don’t come back to the car unless they are all gone.† The gang drove north into their enemy territory and eventually found and ambushed their target, a group of Bloods (the main enemy of the Crips). It was instant, gun shots rained from all directions, Kody shot six times before chasing an enemy blood who was then shot in the back by Kody. Kody’s future in the gang was set in stone. He was accepted by all members immediately, especially Tray Ball, who encouraged him to pursue barbaric acts that made Kody’s name soar in the streets. Two years later, at the age of thirteen, Kody was attempting robbery and proceeded to stomp on the man for about twenty minutes until the man was put into a coma at the hands of Kody. The police stated to bystanders that whoever did such an act was a monster, that name stuck to Kody and eventually became more prominent than his actual birth name. Needless to say, school was never Kody’s main focus. Over the course of the next two years, Kody made it his only ambition to fight for the gang and promote the superiority of the E ight Tray Gangsters. Kody’s end goal was to ultimately achieve the status of â€Å"Ghetto Star†, a title given to a individual who is known throughout gang because of the barbaric acts they have committed in the name of their own gang set.

Respect Towards an NCO Essay

Respect is an important value in any professional organization, especially in the military. Giving respect to an NCO is an important role as a soldier in the United States military. NCO’s have earned the respect throughout the years of service given. Also, by proving to their chain of command that they have the ability to lead soldiers both on and off the battlefield. They have gone to schools and put in the hard work that is required to lead soldiers by mentoring them. Not only about the military aspect of their lives but also their personal lives. The most important reason to show respect to an NCO is that we are able to keep our attention on the mission at hand instead of having a horrible breakdown in communication in the heat of battle. Another, just as important, reason to respect an NCO is that without respect there would be no discipline. Baron Von Steuben was the first to recognize to that in order to have a successful military we would need to put into effect certain values, one of which was respect for NCO’s. And so you see when you have respect between soldiers and NCO’s and there is no breakdown in communication then we are less vulnerable to attack. (1) Army leadership begins with character, the values and attributes that shape what the leader must BE. Army leaders must demonstrate exemplary conduct in their professional and personal lives. They adopt and internalize the Army Values and develop the requisite mental, physical, and emotional attributes of a warrior. Additionally, the ambiguous nature of the operational environment requires Army leaders to know themselves and deal with circumstances as they are, not as they want them to be. (2) Not only should you respect NCO’s and anyone in the chain of command but everyone around you at all times. It would be in your best interest to be cognizant of your surroundings and watch what you say around others. If an individual finds what you have to say disrespectful then they have the right to file a SHARP complaint which could lead to disciplinary actions from your chain of command. SHARP ( Sexual Harassment Assault Response and Prevention) deals with the lack of respect to fellow soldiers and civilians alike. To  prevent SHARP complaints one should respect oneself and treat others like how you would treat yourself. We must consistently enforce all policies related to sexual assault and harassment. We must execute prevention policies, training initiatives, and education programs; in order to get on top of any incident. (3) Respect towards NCO’s is one of the Army’s most important values because it could prevent any failures in communication between the soldier and the NCO. If there is no respect then there would be no discipline within the junior enlisted. To an NCO they are a leader and to be a leader they must live and be the Army values. When a soldier starts being disrespectful to their NCO’s, anyone in their chain of command, or anyone those people can file a SHARP complaint against the soldier. The only way to not get SHARP complaints is to be mindful of your surroundings, be careful of what you say, and to respect yourself and others. REFERENCE PAGE 1) (2011,04). Respect to NCO’s. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 04, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Respect-To-Ncos-661493.html 2) FM 1-68 3) SHARP

Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls

â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† Romanticism supports the idea that feeling and intuition are more valuable than reason. This belief opposed all the main ideas of the thoughts that ruled the literary world for years before. Between 1800 and 1860, Romanticism’s concepts were well shown through the works of authors and poets such as Hawthorne, Poe, and Longfellow. â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† by Longfellow is a worthy model of Romanticism through its emphasis on nature. Because the poem set on a beach, Longfellow describes the setting as â€Å"...sea-sands damp and brown...† and â€Å"...the little waves, with their soft, white hands.† The repetition of the tide is also an important part of his description. With the contemplation of nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral development, being one of the Romanticists’ beliefs, Longfellow’s traveler leaves Earth and seeks a new life. In â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† Longfellow places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. When Longfellow describes how the setting of the beach causes him to feel he is describing his inner experiences. He also describes each detail of the traveler’s surroundings. While focusing on the feelings and thoughts he has takes in from the restless beach, Longfellow describes what he feels while in this setting. Lastly, this poem reflects on its romantic beliefs when it shows Longfellow’s quest for some higher truth in the natural world. Longfellow uses the repetitiveness of the tide rising and falling again to show the way life comes and goes but will always be moving. By saying â€Å"The day returns, but nevermore returns the traveler to the shore,† Longfellow alludes to his belief that all life does not end after death. He also describes the beach’s tides as inescapable, just as some people feel towards death. In conclusion, the poem, â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† deals with Rom... Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† Romanticism supports the idea that feeling and intuition are more valuable than reason. This belief opposed all the main ideas of the thoughts that ruled the literary world for years before. Between 1800 and 1860, Romanticism’s concepts were well shown through the works of authors and poets such as Hawthorne, Poe, and Longfellow. â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† by Longfellow is a worthy model of Romanticism through its emphasis on nature. Because the poem set on a beach, Longfellow describes the setting as â€Å"...sea-sands damp and brown...† and â€Å"...the little waves, with their soft, white hands.† The repetition of the tide is also an important part of his description. With the contemplation of nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral development, being one of the Romanticists’ beliefs, Longfellow’s traveler leaves Earth and seeks a new life. In â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† Longfellow places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. When Longfellow describes how the setting of the beach causes him to feel he is describing his inner experiences. He also describes each detail of the traveler’s surroundings. While focusing on the feelings and thoughts he has takes in from the restless beach, Longfellow describes what he feels while in this setting. Lastly, this poem reflects on its romantic beliefs when it shows Longfellow’s quest for some higher truth in the natural world. Longfellow uses the repetitiveness of the tide rising and falling again to show the way life comes and goes but will always be moving. By saying â€Å"The day returns, but nevermore returns the traveler to the shore,† Longfellow alludes to his belief that all life does not end after death. He also describes the beach’s tides as inescapable, just as some people feel towards death. In conclusion, the poem, â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† deals with Rom...

Alcohol

Alcohol has been around for over 8000 years, Archaeologists have found that by 6400 B.C. people had discovers how to make alcohol in the form of Beer and Berry Wine. The distillation process where fermented solution containing alcohol was heated and the vapours collected and condensed into liquid to create spirits have been believed to be discovered in Arabia. Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks and Roman leaders were all notorious for their drinking habits. By the 1500s distillation of whiskey was common in Ireland. It was also reported that the people Columbus met in the Caribbean had their own Beer. People have proved that society needs alcohol. All attempts to suppress alcohol in Europe and America have failed, and in the US alcohol consumption actually increased during Prohibition period. Today Ethyl alcohol is the effective chemical in the millions of different alcoholic products available on the market. People usually start drinking between 13-14 years of age on weekends or at social events. As they get older they tend to drink more, at age 13, 40% of teens claim to be nondrinkers but by the time they reach 18 the total is reduced to 10%. Teenagers start to drink for many reasons: 1) Experimentation- Curiosity to feel the effects that they hear from others. 2) Peer Pressure- Usually teens reject an individual who doesnt drink; there are also pressures from the culture they grow up in. 3) Adolescent Adjustment Problems- During adolescents so many changes occur that creates stress, feelings of depression, confusion, disorganization and helplessness. By drinking the teen is able to feel a false sense of normality. 4) Family Life Adjustment Style- Family problems or accidents have put many teenagers into abuse of alcohol. Events like divorce, death of a family member especially a parent or family conflicts. The teen uses alcohol to push these problems aside.

The Poetry of William Carlos Williams

The Poetry of William Carlos Williams Free Online Research Papers The poetry of William Carlos Williams uses imagery that refers to everyday experiences and concrete images that describe material objects. Goodblatt and Glicksohn propose that comprehending a metaphor is like problem solving, â€Å"in its more creative form,† and that this involves â€Å"an act of perceptual and semantic restructuring† (Goodblatt and Glicksohn 428). They also state that a single metaphor â€Å"should be understood within a large context† (Goodblatt and Glicksohn 428). Williams, expressed a similar sentiment by saying that there â€Å"’are no ideas but in things† (Goodblatt and Glicksohn 428). Considering this perspective, the following analysis focuses on the imagery that Williams uses in â€Å"Poem,† which offers a typical example of Williams’s utilization of metaphor and imagery within a short lyric form. Williams is most renowned for his depiction of life in his hometown of Rutherford, New Jersey, where he gained fame as one of America’s most distinguished poets, and also practiced as a family doctor for 40 years. Unlike many of his peers, Williams never employed â€Å"complex symbols or rarefied literary allusions,† but rather tended to focus on subjects that surrounded him, that is, his hometown, â€Å"its landscapes and its people† (William† 9). It may have been the scientist in Williams that inclined him toward the use of â€Å"concise concrete images† and the utilization of â€Å"homely words of everyday speech,† but there is no denying that this characterizes his poetic style† (William 9). Considering this, the first question that the reader asks on reading â€Å"Poem† is what, precisely is Williams trying to say. The image is concrete; the text of the poem is concise: As the cat Climbed over The top of The jamcloset First the right Forefoot Carefully then the hind Stepped down Into the pit of The empty Flowerpot (Williams). This poem works as an extended metaphor. The cat is carefully climbing over the jamcloset, placing each foot precisely. The reader’s first task at problem-solving is to determine the meaning of â€Å"jamcloset,† which is familiar or readily defined. This word does not appear in Webster’s or other dictionaries. This suggests that Williams intended for this work to conjure an image. â€Å"Jam packed† is defined as something that is crammed with things to the point that nothing can be added. Perhaps Williams means for this word to conjure an image of a closet jammed with things, with a cat carefully negotiating the top. On the other hand, the word â€Å"jam† could refer to a fruit spread used on toast, in which case, the word â€Å"jamcloset† suggests a pantry and there is the suggestion that the cat is after a taste of jam. In either case, the emphasis of the poem is on the cat’s eventual destination. The reader can see the cat stepping so carefully, first one foot and then the other. The short lines and smooth flow of words mirror the careful and feline movements of the car. Only in the last stanza does the reader realize that the cat has moved so carefully into the â€Å"pit of an empty flowerpot.† This turns the image of the precise and careful cat into something comical. The first assumption of the reader is that the cat is moving precisely to obtain a specific purpose; something that the reader would judge as a useful intention from a human perspective. This, however, is not the case, as the cat ends up squashed into the flower pot, which Williams makes clear was the animal’s intention all along. As this suggests, this imagery says more about the human reader that it does about the cat. Human beings are goal oriented. The deliberate, purposeful movement that Williams describes naturally conjures a feeling in the reader that the cat must have a specific goal, whether this is capturing a mouse or pursuing some other goal that makes sense within the feline perspective. What Williams appears to be telling his readers is that the world obeys its own rules. The cat is fascinated by and wants to sit in the flower pot. It does not make sense from a human point of view, but there it is and that is the reality of this situation. Implied within the assumed perspective of the reader and image of the flower-potted cat is also the realization that this has meaning and relevancy. The world does not have to have goals, purpose or meaning from a human perspective in order to be meaningful. It just is. Children understand this, and a child would probably delight in the flower-potted cat and understand the world can look different and interesting from such a perspective. Adults tend to lose their joy in seeing the unexpected and exploring the unknown by trying on viewpoints that are new and different. As this indicates, however, Williams’ use of imagery suggests meaning at multiple levels with concise, brief poetry. In â€Å"Poem,† the poet offers an image that suggests more than is stated implicitly. The cat, so carefully placing first one foot and then the other delicately into the pit of the flowerpot, not only conveys the inquisitive nature of the animal, but also the fact that the cat represents an aspect of existence that adult humans often avoid. By surprising the reader with the cat’s destination, Williams subtly suggests that adults are too predictable. We, like children and cats, should attempt to see the world with fresh eyes, and perhaps try wiggling into new perspectives that may seem alien at first, but afford the viewer with new experiences. Perhaps, we should not smile at the seeming lunacy of the cat until we have sat in a flowerpot atop the â€Å"jamcloset† and seen what there is to see from this perspective. Goodlatt, Chanita Glicksohn Joseph. â€Å"Metaphor comprehension As problem solving: an online study of the reading Process.† Style 36 (2002): 428. â€Å"William Carlos Williams: Doctor and Poet.† Literary Cavalcade 57 (8) (2005): 9. Williams, William Carlos. Poem (As the cat). No date. Accessed May 9, 2006. . 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